引用本文: 孙维，齐虎啸，付刚. 藏北高寒草地植被降水利用效率对增温的响应. 草业科学, 2022, 39(6): 1-12 doi: shu

Citation: SUN W, QI H X, FU G. Response of vegetation precipitation use efficiency to experimental warming in alpine grasslands of northern Tibet. Pratacultural Science, 2022, 39(6): 1-12 doi: shu

藏北高寒草地植被降水利用效率对增温的响应

孙维 ¹ ,
齐虎啸 ^1,2 ,
付刚 ^{1, ,}

1.
中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所生态系统网络观测与模拟重点实验室拉萨高原生态系统研究站, 北京 100101
2.
中国科学院大学, 北京 100049

作者简介: 孙维(1982-)，男，重庆梁平人，副研究员，硕士，研究方向为草地适应性管理。E-mail: wsun@igsnrr.ac.cn

通讯作者: 付刚(1984-)，男，河北保定人，副研究员，博士，研究方向为全球变化生态学、生态系统生态学和土壤生态学。E-mail: fugang@igsnrr.ac.cn

基金项目: 中国科学院青年创新促进会会员(2020054)；国家重点研发项目(2017YFA0604801)；中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所秉维优秀青年人才(2018RC202)；国家自然科学基金(31600432)；西藏自治区饲草专项(XZ202101ZD0003N)；仲巴县农业绿色发展先行先试支撑体系固定观测试验站建设

摘要: 植被降水利用效率是量化陆地生态系统碳水耦合机制的一个关键指标，然而气候变暖如何影响青藏高原高寒草地生态系统的植被降水利用效率仍不清楚。2010年在藏北高原3个海拔(4313、4513和4693 m)上布设了增温试验平台，采用开顶式增温箱模拟气候变暖。利用农业多光谱相机获得了2014–2015年和2017–2018年植被的归一化植被指数(NDVI)和土壤调节植被指数(SAVI)，并利用观测的NDVI计算了地上生物量(AGB)。利用微气候观测系统对土壤温度、土壤湿度、空气温度和相对湿度进行了观测，并计算了饱和水汽压差。结果表明：试验增温极显著(P < 0.001)增加了空气温度(T_a)、土壤温度(T_s)和饱和水汽压差(VPD)，而对AGB、NDVI和SDVI无显著影响。试验增温显著(P < 0.05)降低了海拔4313 m 4年平均的植被降水利用效率，即导致了相对干旱年份的植被降水利用效率的显著(P < 0.05)减少，而对相对湿润年份的植被降水利用效率无显著影响(P > 0.05)。试验增温没有显著改变海拔4513和4693 m的植被降水利用效率。总体而言，试验增温增加了3个海拔间的植被降水利用效率的差异。因此，藏北高寒草地生态系统的植被降水利用效率的温度敏感性随着海拔和观测年份的变化而变化；且气候变暖重构了藏北高原高寒草地生态系统的植被降水利用效率的海拔分布格局，即气候变暖增强了藏北不同海拔的高寒草地生态系统的植被降水利用效率的异质性。

关键词:

English

Response of vegetation precipitation use efficiency to experimental warming in alpine grasslands of northern Tibet

SUN Wei ¹ ,
QI Huxiao ^1,2 ,
FU Gang ^{1
, ,}

1.
Lhasa Plateau Ecosystem Research Station, Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research. Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
2.
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China

Corresponding author: FU Gang　E-mail: fugang@igsnrr.ac.cn

Received Date: 2021-10-23
Accepted Date: 2022-03-17
Available Online: 2022-04-14

Abstract: Vegetation precipitation use efficiency is a key indicator for quantifying the carbon-water coupling mechanism in terrestrial ecosystems. However, it remains unclear how climate warming will affect the vegetation precipitation use efficiency of alpine grassland ecosystems on the Tibetan Plateau. A field warming experiment was performed in three alpine grassland sites (located at elevations 4313 m, 4513 m, and 4693 m) in northern Tibet in 2010. Open-top chambers were used to simulate climate warming. The normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and soil-adjusted vegetation index (SAVI) were measured using an agricultural camera, and then aboveground biomass (AGB) was modelled using the measured NDVI in 2014–2015 and 2017–2018. The soil temperature, soil moisture, air temperature, and relative humidity were measured using microclimate stations. The vapor pressure deficit was calculated using the measured air temperature and relative humidity. Experimental warming significantly (P < 0.001) increased air temperature (T_a), soil temperature (T_s), and vapor pressure deficit (VPD) but had no significant effects on AGB, NDVI, and SDVI. Experimental warming significantly (P < 0.05) reduced the four-year average vegetation precipitation use efficiency at an elevation of 4313 m, specifically in relatively dry years (P < 0.05), rather than relatively wet years. Experimental warming did not significantly affect vegetation precipitation use efficiency at elevations of 4513 m and 4693 m. Overall, experimental warming increased the difference in vegetation precipitation use efficiency among the three elevations. Therefore, in alpine grasslands in northern Tibet, the temperature sensitivity of vegetation precipitation use efficiency can vary with elevation and measurement year. Moreover, climate warming can reconstruct the elevational distribution of vegetation precipitation use efficiency in the these grasslands. That is, climate warming can be expected to enhance the elevational heterogeneity of vegetation precipitation use efficiency in the alpine grasslands of northern Tibet.

Key words:

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图 1 4年平均的环境温湿度和植物生产的海拔变异和增温效应

Figure 1. Comparison of four-years average environmental temperature and moisture conditions, and plant production among elevations and between the control and warming treatments

*表示同一海拔对照和增温处理间在P < 0.05水平差异显著，不同大写字母表示对照或增温处理下不同海拔间在P < 0.05水平上差异显著；下图同。

* indicates a significant difference between the control and warming treatments at the same elevation at the 0.05 level. Different uppercase letters indicate significant differences among the three elevations for the control and warming treatments at the same elevation, at the 0.05 level; this is applicable for the following figures as well.

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图 2 归一化植被指数降水利用效率的海拔变异和增温效应

Figure 2. Elevation variation and warming effects of precipitation use efficiency in normalized difference vegetation index

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图 4 地上生物量降水利用效率的海拔变异和增温效应

Figure 4. Elevation variation and warming effects of precipitation use efficiency in aboveground biomass

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图 3 土壤调节植被指数降水利用效率的海拔变异和增温效应

Figure 3. Elevation variation and warming effects of precipitation use efficiency in soil-adjusted vegetation index

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图 5 对照和增温处理间、以及3海拔间环境温湿度、植物生产和降水利用效率时间稳定性的比较

Figure 5. Comparison of temporal stability of ambient temperature and humidity, plant production, and precipitation use efficiency between control and warming treatments among the three elevations

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图 6 降水利用效率的时空变异(A、B、C)及其时间稳定性(D、E、F)与环境因子的关系

Figure 6. Relationships between the spatial and temporal variations of precipitation use efficiency (A, B, C) and temporal stability of precipitation use efficiency (D, E, F), and environmental factors

A和D：归一化植被指数的降水利用效率；B和E：土壤调节植被指数的降水利用效率；C和F：地上生物量的降水利用效率。

A and D: precipitation use efficiency based on normalized difference vegetation index; B and E: precipitation use efficiency based on soil-adjusted vegetation index; C and F: precipitation use efficiency based on aboveground biomass.

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表 1 样地情况

Table 1. Site conditions

海拔 Elevation/m	经度 Latitude	纬度 Longitude	优势物种 Dominant species	生长季节(6月 – 9月)降水量 Growing season precipitation (June to September)/mm
海拔 Elevation/m	经度 Latitude	纬度 Longitude	优势物种 Dominant species	2014	2015	2017	2018	2000–2018
4313	30.50° E	91.07° N	丝颖针茅、黑褐苔草、小嵩草 Stipa capillata, Carex montis-everestii， Kobresia pygmaea	467.4	280.7	412.3	517.6	397.5
4513	30.52° E	91.06° N	丝颖针茅、黑褐苔草、小嵩草 Stipa capillata, Carex montis-everestii， Kobresia pygmaea	481.0	289.5	425.0	548.4	407.6
4693	30.53° E	91.05° N	小嵩草 Kobresia pygmaea	493.0	295.4	435.9	578.8	416.5

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表 2 重复测量方差分析

Table 2. Repeated measurement analysis of variance

变量 Variable	海拔(E) Elevation	增温(W) Warming	年份(Y) Year	E × W	E × Y	W × Y	E × W × Y
土壤温度 Soil temperature	433.52^***	255.7^***	29.81^***	2.07	6.26^***	0.76	0.82
土壤湿度 Soil moisture%	50.61^***	20.62^***	16.63^***	0.64	3.28^**	0.75	0.20
空气温度 Air temperature	752.76^***	837.11^***	111.71^***	3.40	14.15^***	2.67	1.34
饱和水汽压差 Vapor pressure deficit	427.84^***	317.47^***	538.08^***	7.29^**	54.72^***	41.4^***	10.8^***
归一化植被指数 Normalized difference vegetation index	83.63^***	0.11	105.82^***	0.70	5.95^***	2.57	0.65
土壤调节植被指数 Soil-adjusted vegetation index	51.94^***	0.01	100.1^***	0.48	4.12^**	1.26	0.51
地上生物量 Aboveground biomass	49.75^***	0.07	51.68^***	0.36	7.23^***	0.38	0.26
归一化植被指数的降水利用效率 Precipitation use efficiency of NDVI	65.69^***	0.41	95.32^***	0.79	3.35^**	3.21^*	0.76
土壤调节植被指数的降水利用效率 Precipitation use efficiency of SAVI	41.33^***	0.02	116.24^***	0.60	3.37^**	1.64	0.71
地上生物量的降水利用效率 Precipitation use efficiency of AGB	44.92^***	0.20	38.64^***	0.38	4.91^***	0.69	0.25
、和*分别表示在P < 0.05、 P < 0.01和P < 0.001水平显著。表3同。　, , and * indicate significant differences at the 0.05, 0.01, and 0.001 levels, respectively. This is applicable for Table 3 as well.

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表 3 降水利用效率与环境因子的关系

Table 3. Relationships between precipitation use efficiency and environmental variables

降水利用效率 Precipitation use efficiency		降水量 Precipitation	土壤温度 Soil temperature	土壤湿度 Soil moisture	空气温度 Air temperature	饱和水汽压差 Vapor pressure deficit	归一化植被指数 Normalized difference vegetation index	土壤调节植被指数 Soil-adjusted vegetation index	地上生物量 Aboveground biomass
时空变异 Spatial and temporal variation	归一化植被指数的降水利用效率 Precipitation use efficiency of NDVI	−0.24^*	−0.60^***	0.35^***	−0.56^***	−0.37^***	0.77^***
时空变异 Spatial and temporal variation	土壤调节植被指数的降水利用效率 Precipitation use efficiency of SAVI	−0.32^**	−0.49^***	0.23^*	−0.47^***	−0.30^**		0.81^***
	地上生物量的降水利用效率 Precipitation use efficiency of AGB	−0.09	−0.60^***	0.39^***	−0.58^***	−0.41^***			0.84^***
时间稳定性 Temporal stability	归一化植被指数的降水利用效率 Precipitation use efficiency of NDVI	−0.72^***	−0.07	0.42^*	−0.44^*	−0.27	0.48^*
	土壤调节植被指数的降水利用效率 Precipitation use efficiency of SAVI	−0.35	0.07	0.13	−0.42^*	−0.09		0.59^**
	地上生物量的降水利用效率 Precipitation use efficiency of AGB	−0.34	0.03	0.48^*	−0.21	−0.18			0.19

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声明！

藏北高寒草地植被降水利用效率对增温的响应

作者简介: 孙维(1982-)，男，重庆梁平人，副研究员，硕士，研究方向为草地适应性管理。E-mail: wsun@igsnrr.ac.cn

通讯作者: 付刚(1984-)，男，河北保定人，副研究员，博士，研究方向为全球变化生态学、生态系统生态学和土壤生态学。E-mail: fugang@igsnrr.ac.cn

English

Response of vegetation precipitation use efficiency to experimental warming in alpine grasslands of northern Tibet

Corresponding author: FU Gang E-mail: fugang@igsnrr.ac.cn

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通讯作者: 陈斌, bchen63@163.com

Corresponding author: FU Gang　E-mail: fugang@igsnrr.ac.cn